Plastic Bottles, Skin Pack

Plastic Bottles, Skin Pack, Tin Can, Boxes, Shrink Wrap, Barrel, Crate, Aseptic, Container, Active, Flexible, Rigid Plastic, Metal, Flexible, Glass, Paper Board, Food, Beverage Packaging is among the high growth industries in India.A high degree of potential exists for almost all user segments which are expanding appreciably-Processessed foods, hard and soft drinks, fruit and marine products, cosmetics and personalcare, office stationary and accessories, fabrics and garments, white goods and other durables, electrical appliances and equipments, entertainment and other electronics, shoes and leather ware, gems and jewellery, toys and sports goods, chemicals and fertilizers. Due to lower manufacturing costs, India is fast becoming a preferred hub for packaging production.The Indian packaging industry has made a mark with its exports that comprise flattened cans, printed sheets and components, crown cork, lug caps, plastic film laminates, craft paper, paper board and packaging machinery , while the imports include tinplate, coating and lining compounds and others. In India, the fastest growing packaging segments are laminates and flexible packaging, especially PET and woven sacks. The market size for packaging materials & systems for food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, toiletries, Ind. products, textiles, handicrafts, etc. accounts for 4%, while rigid & semi-rigid plastic containers is about 9%.The metal and tin containers accounts for 10%, glass containers 10% , corrugated board & boxes 23%, paper & paper board 36% and other ancillary materials like tapes straps, labels, adhesives, etc. – 8%. Upgradation, both of functionality and aesthetics, characterizes the recent trends in the industry. Elaborate and more expensive packaging is penetrating deeper into marketing of industrial products and even agro-based products, like food and personalcare products, drugs and pharmaceuticals, consumer durables and electronic products, especially entertainment products.Pac kaging market size in India is about Rs 65,000 crore is growing at the rate of 15 per cent per annum. Currently rigid packaging enjoys more than 65% market share but the traditional rigid packaging users are migrating to flexible packaging in a big way. Market size of PET/BOPP and other flexible film-based manufacturing segment is estimated at around Rs 25 billion. The cost impact of PET film and BOPP film on the overall packaging cost ranges from 35-85% depending on the product to be packaged.The main players are Paper Products, Akar Group, Orient Press, India Foils, RT Packaging and Mukund Flex Pack. Akar Group consists of Akar Laminations, Sharp Industries and Vishnu Vijay Packagers. The overall growth rate of the industry has tapered off to around 9%. The flexible packaging industry is expected to grow at about 10-15% per annum in the coming years. The laminated products are growing at around 30% p. a. There are about 600-700 packaging machinery manufacturers, 95% of which are i n the small and medium sector located all over India.

Native American Literature

Indians, we picture them as half naked people causing raucous throughout the land, messing with the settlers, and being completely uncivilized and uneducated. There Is no way that these people could have created stones to be passed down throughout the generations but they did and they still are around to this very day. These oral traditions, or stories that are told by word of mouth, include â€Å"The World on the Turtle's Back†, which explains to us how our world came to be.The story â€Å"Coyote and Buffalo† gives us lessons that easily correlate with the building of a person's hearted, and finally, â€Å"Fox and Coyote and the Whale† persuades us to fight for who and what we love. These tall tales can be Influential to our lives as Americans because the stories tell of lessons that could be essential to all of the human race when it comes to developing one's self to become a better soul. The story called â€Å"World on Turtle's Back† gives us an idea on how the Indians believed the world began.Before there was an Earth there was a skyward. There, a pregnant lady went to dig up the roots from a sacred tree and was then either pushed Into or accidental fallen through a hole that exposed an entire new world underneath. (Page 42, Paragraph 1) As she fell and grasped to the edges of skyward, remnants of soil and roots were attached to her hands. Luckily, as she fell a group of birds caught her on their wingspan and finally laded her down upon a sea turtle's shell.Then, a heroic muskrat brought up soil from deep within the ocean underneath so the fallen lady could set to work creating land. ( Page 42, Paragraph 9) Soon the pregnant woman gave birth to her child, a daughter, and together the two travel around the turtle's back until land was formed. As her child aged she became magically pregnant by the West Wind. Page 42) She then gives birth to twins who constantly quarrel, for they are opposites, good and evil. Together they balance t he world, inventing opposing animals such as the peaceful deer and violent mountain lion. Page 40, Paragraph 2) As the story progresses, it tells of reasons for most common assurances in nature, such as the moon being the twin, as in today's ideas of evil It Is associated with the darkness that comes from the night. The second story Is entitled â€Å"Coyote and Buffalo†. This story expresses to the dalliance various character traits that should be Instilled within a person or avoided. One of these values is to respect others. When coyote kicks the skull of the dead bull, and the bull comes back alive to kill him, it expresses how important it is to treat others the way you would want to be treated. Page 25, paragraph 1) Another lesson it emphasizes Is to listen to what you're told to do, as it is for a reason. When the bull gives coyote the cow, he tells him not to eat It, but coyote does not listen and defies him. (page 28-29) Coyote at this point Is very dishonest and greed y. He thinks that he can get away with eating the cow and perhaps getting another one from the bull, hush leading up to another life lesson, karma. When coyote kills the cow, an old woman tells him that he should not be cooking the cow for that is woman's work.At this point, coyote is being incredibly vain and this woman is being very sneaky and steals all of his food. (Page 28, paragraph 2) This proves that what comes around goes around and that you should let yourself become slobbered, which all people have The last story is called â€Å"The Fox, Coyote, and Whale† and it teaches a lesson on fighting for those you love. Fox's wife, leaves him to be the evil whale that occupies the river. Page 44, Paragraph 1) Fox is so overwhelmed by his love for her that he stops at no cost and risks his life to retrieve her from the whale's possession.While trying to take his wife back, the evil whale attempts to kill Fox, Coyote, and Fox's wife, but Fox loves these people and protects th em over himself and hides them within his pipe, saving them all. (Page 45, Paragraph 1) As Fox's wife gets away from Whale, she feels as if she had been awaken from a spell, for once she is returned to fox she becomes happy again. (Page 45, Paragraph 4) So in other words, love can cast a spell n you causing you to make rash decisions while under its magical powers.Of course, Fox finally forgives his wife, but this proves that you should not cheat on your significant other. So in conclusion, Native American literature is very important to our society. The themes of all of the stories are easily related to everyday life. From the positive moments to the very lows, lessons can be learned from these tales. To the people of Indian cultures these stories are still very relevant to their lives. It is the only surviving history that they have of the prior lives of their relatives, so they must keep it preserved for generations to come. Native American Literature Indians, we picture them as half naked people causing raucous throughout the land, messing with the settlers, and being completely uncivilized and uneducated. There Is no way that these people could have created stones to be passed down throughout the generations but they did and they still are around to this very day. These oral traditions, or stories that are told by word of mouth, include â€Å"The World on the Turtle's Back†, which explains to us how our world came to be.The story â€Å"Coyote and Buffalo† gives us lessons that easily correlate with the building of a person's hearted, and finally, â€Å"Fox and Coyote and the Whale† persuades us to fight for who and what we love. These tall tales can be Influential to our lives as Americans because the stories tell of lessons that could be essential to all of the human race when it comes to developing one's self to become a better soul. The story called â€Å"World on Turtle's Back† gives us an idea on how the Indians believed the world began.Before there was an Earth there was a skyward. There, a pregnant lady went to dig up the roots from a sacred tree and was then either pushed Into or accidental fallen through a hole that exposed an entire new world underneath. (Page 42, Paragraph 1) As she fell and grasped to the edges of skyward, remnants of soil and roots were attached to her hands. Luckily, as she fell a group of birds caught her on their wingspan and finally laded her down upon a sea turtle's shell.Then, a heroic muskrat brought up soil from deep within the ocean underneath so the fallen lady could set to work creating land. ( Page 42, Paragraph 9) Soon the pregnant woman gave birth to her child, a daughter, and together the two travel around the turtle's back until land was formed. As her child aged she became magically pregnant by the West Wind. Page 42) She then gives birth to twins who constantly quarrel, for they are opposites, good and evil. Together they balance t he world, inventing opposing animals such as the peaceful deer and violent mountain lion. Page 40, Paragraph 2) As the story progresses, it tells of reasons for most common assurances in nature, such as the moon being the twin, as in today's ideas of evil It Is associated with the darkness that comes from the night. The second story Is entitled â€Å"Coyote and Buffalo†. This story expresses to the dalliance various character traits that should be Instilled within a person or avoided. One of these values is to respect others. When coyote kicks the skull of the dead bull, and the bull comes back alive to kill him, it expresses how important it is to treat others the way you would want to be treated. Page 25, paragraph 1) Another lesson it emphasizes Is to listen to what you're told to do, as it is for a reason. When the bull gives coyote the cow, he tells him not to eat It, but coyote does not listen and defies him. (page 28-29) Coyote at this point Is very dishonest and greed y. He thinks that he can get away with eating the cow and perhaps getting another one from the bull, hush leading up to another life lesson, karma. When coyote kills the cow, an old woman tells him that he should not be cooking the cow for that is woman's work.At this point, coyote is being incredibly vain and this woman is being very sneaky and steals all of his food. (Page 28, paragraph 2) This proves that what comes around goes around and that you should let yourself become slobbered, which all people have The last story is called â€Å"The Fox, Coyote, and Whale† and it teaches a lesson on fighting for those you love. Fox's wife, leaves him to be the evil whale that occupies the river. Page 44, Paragraph 1) Fox is so overwhelmed by his love for her that he stops at no cost and risks his life to retrieve her from the whale's possession.While trying to take his wife back, the evil whale attempts to kill Fox, Coyote, and Fox's wife, but Fox loves these people and protects th em over himself and hides them within his pipe, saving them all. (Page 45, Paragraph 1) As Fox's wife gets away from Whale, she feels as if she had been awaken from a spell, for once she is returned to fox she becomes happy again. (Page 45, Paragraph 4) So in other words, love can cast a spell n you causing you to make rash decisions while under its magical powers.Of course, Fox finally forgives his wife, but this proves that you should not cheat on your significant other. So in conclusion, Native American literature is very important to our society. The themes of all of the stories are easily related to everyday life. From the positive moments to the very lows, lessons can be learned from these tales. To the people of Indian cultures these stories are still very relevant to their lives. It is the only surviving history that they have of the prior lives of their relatives, so they must keep it preserved for generations to come.

The Great Gatsby Character Analysis

Fell in love with luxury/grace/charm, lied about his past to woo her First speaking role in chapter 3 Initially aloof, enigmatic host, surrounded by luxury, powerful and beautiful people Subject of gossip Chi- learn of his childhood Chi- proof of criminality Later on- lovesick, naive, innocent, hopeful, centered on dreams Delayed revelations- 'emphasis the theatrical quality of Gatsby approach to life' Transformed self into a persona ‘Ability to transform hope and dreams into reality' Title = reminiscent of The Great Houdini/adolescent' etc. Suggesting Jay IS only an illusion Dream of Daisy falls apart (Wall Street Crash) Contrasts Nick & Tom Passionate, active Loyal and good hearted Loses love interest to Tom, like George Wilson. Temporarily lost touch with father MASC. political commentator Chris Matthews sees him as the eternal American striver: â€Å"Gatsby needed more than money: he needed to be someone who had always had this blind faith that he can retrofit his very exi stence to Daisy's specifications is the heart and soul of The Great Gatsby. It's the classic story of the fresh start, the second chance. ‘appears to be the quintessential American male hero†¦ Powerful businessman with shady connections, drives a glamorous car'(- Michael Kismet and Amy Aaron's) Often used as a symbol for wealth Believes American dream New man = born when he met Dan Cody Restless- like America, resourceful and active Never cynical or corrupt Cannot see daisy fault (using him for a release from her boring life & retaliation from husband) Pretends he, not Daisy, killed Myrtle Killed by George Wilson â€Å"Jimmy was bound to get ahead.He always had some resolves like this or something. Do you notice what he's got about improving his mind? He was always great for that. He told me I et like a hog once, and beat him for it† â€Å"Somebody told me they thought he killed a man once. † â€Å"it's more that he was a German spy during the war. He was n ever quite still; there was always a tapping foot somewhere or the impatient opening and closing of a hand. Consumed with wonder at her presence' (Daisy) Nick Caraway Sober, reflective Narrator Slowly moves to forefront From upper Midwest, family in America a little over 70 years Sent substitute to war (therefore of a wealthier class) Acts similarly to an ‘Everyman' Is not blinded by glitz and glamour Disgusted by realization of shallowness, hollowness, uncaring and self-serving attitude of his superiors.Distances self instead of catering to them More racial and down-to-earth than Buchannan and Jordan Baker (and so distances himself) Has personal integrity Affected by Gatsby death grows, from a man dreaming of a fortune, to a man who knows only too well what misery a fortune can bring romantic relationship with Jordan Baker calls himself â€Å"one Of the few honest people that have ever known Daisy Fay/Buchanan Enigmatic Tom's wife, Gatsby love interest, Nick's second cousin one removed, mother of Pam Beautiful, charming Selfish, shallow, hurtful See the world for what it is, cruel (why she's happy her child is a daughter so he can be a ‘beautiful little fool' Character built on light, purity and Innocence Otherworldly- angelic White- purity or void? Name- pure, centered around gold (wealth, status and money) Finds nouveau riches to be tedious and vulgar Materialistic â€Å"Thinking about Gatsby stretching his arms out to the green light across the water, we can't help thinking of the Sirens: the mythical island dwellers whose singing was so seductive that sailors would throw themselves into the sea and drown trying to reach them. † Capacity for love and wants to be loved Idealized image of relationship with GatsbyFickle Tom makes decisions for her undecided Us Percival ‘her voice is full of money' low, thrilling voice High in a white palace the king's daughter, the golden girl. Human orchid of a woman Tom Buchanan Cold-hearted, arist ocratic bully Daisy's husband Staggeringly rich, for centuries Relatively young Arrogant Questionable love for Daisy Racist (more accepted then) Confident dads George to believe Gatsby is at fault It was a body capable of enormous leverage-?a cruel body. Brute of a man, a great, big, hulking physical specimen â€Å"Go on. He won't annoy you. I think he realizes that his presumptuous little flirtation is over. George Wilson Myrtle's husband Suicide Kills Gatsby Owner of run-down auto shop by the Valley of Ashes Respectable? The Great Gatsby character analysis Throughout The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby plays the main character. He is slowly introduced and revealed by Nick Carraway, his neighbor. Gatsby does both right and wrong things, he has acquired his great amounts of wealth through shady business and all to attain a financial situation that is equivalent to that of his love, Daisy Buchanan. Those actions and motives makes him a morally ambiguous character and greatly contributes to some of the bigger themes in the story as well as furthering the main plot.There are two sides to Jay Gatsby, a lovesick and determined young man that represents hope and loyalty, and a shady, corruptive man that represent his decay of morality. He is known all over the city for his extravagant parties full of alcohol and jazz music. This makes his name well known all over New York city, but he maintains the hard facts of him and his past hidden. He associates with a man who Gatsby claims â€Å"fixed the World’s Series back in 1919. † and he†™s in the business of bootlegging (illegal trafficking of liquor).Although Gatsby sounds like a despicable man he does all of this to reach his dream who is Daisy buchanan. Jay Gatsby has been emotionally loyal to Daisy since they fell in love when he was a young soldier, but she is already married and is part of an â€Å"aristocratic† class that ridicule people like Gatsby. When they are reunited Gatsby yearns for her approval by showing of his imported clothes and grand home and feeling helpless when she doesn’t enjoy his parties.These contradictions are sustainable proof of Gatsby’s moral ambiguity. Gatsby’s obsession with repeating the past is what results in his moral ambiguity and makes everything else servile to his dream. Bootlegging and fixing world series’s all seem like nothing if it means it’ll help him get to a financial level close to daisy’s. His shady business affairs and hopeful dreaming deepen the main plot and con tribute to the theme of the american dream that is extremely present throughout the whole story.Gatsby is able to attain his dream but in a non decent way that leaves people wondering if it was worth it or if that was the only way. He represents the rebellion and lack of morality of the 1920’s and the ostentatious ways in which the newly rich of the time live. Gatsby’s moral ambiguity can be shown through his determination to attain the one he loves, even if it means becoming a criminal. It contributes to various themes and lessons taught by the novel, like the dangers of not leaving the past behind.

Writing Assignment #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing #2 - Assignment Example The judgment in one country has to be recognized in the other. Italy for example in this case would have to recognize rulings from the court in the United States. This is because the court agreed upon and documented cannot be refuted unless there are grounds to show that it was not valid or lawful in either two states. The solving of disputes having been rendered to a particular state and court in writing shows that the other must recognize their rulings, foreign or not. A court may refuse to recognize or enforce a judgment if the agreement does not fall under the state of law of the country. This would mean that it is null and void. It would also be the case if the judgment was obtained through fraud. It would also be refuted if the defendant was not informed prior in order to create defense. If the judgment is not consistent with other rulings concerning the same parties, then it is refutable. Nielsen, Peter A. "Exclusive Choice of Court Agreements and Parallel Proceedings." A Commitment to Private International Law: Essays in Honour of Hans Van Loon: MeÃŒ langes En Lhonneur De Hans Van Loon. (2013):

First IT security in information systems Term Paper

First IT security in information systems - Term Paper Example In this report, we will discuss some of the main security measures/steps that can be taken to overcome IT security related issues. The report will also include a discussion about the ways to maintain IT security over a long time for users. Network Security Internet security is imperative in today’s world of digital technology because it provides a number of considerable benefits to individuals and businesses. Some of those benefits include assistance in dealing with fake emails and harmful web links, assistance in protection of data, assistance in making communication process safe, and assistance in dealing with malware, spyware, viruses, Trogens, and worms. Moreover, network safety measures also help users in surviving from phishing and other internet-based frauds. We all know that protection of files and important information stored in computers is essential for every individual. Therefore, it is imperative to apply such security measures which can ensure data protection to a large extent. â€Å"Network security comprises the measures a company takes to protect its computer system† (Kaminsky 1). According to Stallings, viruses and worms are the most harmful and commonly occurring threats to the security of computer networks and they have the ability to spread into every computer system (27). In IT related business, there is a constant need to apply such security measures that can protect computer networks from all types of threats including worms, viruses, and the attempts of hackers. IT professionals need to introduce such mechanisms using which one can efficiently identify the potential threats to the networks in order to apply the relevant and the most appropriate safety measure. Although the advancements in the field of information technology have been beneficial for internet related businesses individuals, they have also brought in a number of security threats. Such threats not only affect the progress of the businesses but also reduce busi nesses’ efficiency levels, as people have to spend a huge amount of time to recover their important information and data if lost. To reduce such threats, business need to hire such information technology experts who can ensure protection using multilayered security strategies. As Lynn states, â€Å"in today's threat landscape, the most secure network infrastructures implement not a single network security technology, but a multilayered comprehensive security strategy† (1). Let us now discuss some of the main steps an information technology professional may take to ensure complete protection for users from internet security threats. Antivirus and Antispyware The first thing that an IT professional needs should suggest to IT related businesses and users is the installation of a suitable antivirus application. Antivirus applications are the most widely used measures to ensure computer safety not only because they provide optimum security to data present inside the compute r systems but also because they hold current databases of worms and viruses using which they can identify the presence of any armful application in the computer syste

Police Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Police Culture - Essay Example The activities are aimed for making arrangements for making sure that all the laws and rules are being followed. Policing is a part of almost every civilized country as it is important to enforce the rules and laws with in the countries for establishing peace and living with harmony. In short, it can be said that policing includes all the activities that are being performed by the government body established for enforcement of law and prevention of crime. Policing can be said as a strong and powerful profession. The profession of policing does not only include the organization of police but it also includes other organizations like community police, security guards, custom officers and bouncers and so on. Hence any institute that is aimed to control the social activities for maintaining the peaceful environment come under the category of policing. 1 Policing can be known as the set of activities that are being performed for some objectives. ... Detecting the crime is also the responsibility of policing. After detecting the crime, punishing the criminal or offender is also the role of policing. Protecting the assets and life of the people is also the role of policing. Preserving the public tranquility. Enforcement flaws, rules and policies are one of the major responsibilities of policing. Development of sound relationships between the police and the public. Improving the quality of life. Dealing with every kind of anti social behavior. Protecting the human rights. Promoting the ethical values. The above stated are the few responsibilities of the policing. Although, there are many other objectives but these were the basic aims and objectives of policing. It can be observed that it is not easy to perform the duties of police and achieving all the objectives of policing. It is not easy to enforce the laws over the society and also to deal with criminals and offenders. The policing activities sometimes do involve a lot of risk in it. It is a profession that can give a lot of respect if the responsibilities are being performed sincerely with full dedication. The same profession can lead to disrespect, if wrong means are taken and the duties are not performed with sincerity. The policing activities require that the professional should be strong person who can face every kind of risk and danger. Apart of risk sometimes disrespect and anger for the people has also to be faced y the policing professionals. So, policing is something that can not be taken as a simple job to do instea d it requires strong people for performing the powerful duties. 2 Police Culture There are different aspects, in which the term police culture stands for, in

Quantitative Research (Cluster and Regression Analysis) Essay

Quantitative Research (Cluster and Regression Analysis) - Essay Example In most of the marketing data sets like the one taken now for analysis none of these two conditions hold. Data were collected from the database provided by the chain store, the loyalty program of which were researched upon. In any supermarket store loyalty, the location of the store plays a major role as a determinant for the loyalty of the customer (Messinger & Narasimhan, 1997; Engel et al., 1995). In this study the location of the three stores chosen would definitely have affected the purchasing behavior of the customers. Hence the study becomes weak in its identification of the data source. Another weakness of the data has been observed in the varying proportion of the different categories of buying which will have an influence on the application of the cluster analysis technique. The study has not identified the total number of customers of the three stores and hence it would be difficult to comment on the randomness of the sample selected. A comparison of the total number of customers and the number constituting the sample size would have thrown some light on the comparability of the loyal customers between the customers who shopped generally during the period under study and the number of customers who opted to use the loyalty program. Basis for Collection of Information - Clustering Variables The collection of information and clustering considering the percentage of total share of wallet within product categories instead of taking into account the total purchases would have been a much better presentation of data under the research method of clustering analysis. The variables selected are far too general to form an opinion on the customer loyalty. The clustering lacks seriously because of the massiveness of data considered under the general clustering variables. For sure these clustering variables would have been subjected to behavioral benchmarking. It would be interesting to recall the behavioral factors like shopping frequency, tolerance of price increase etc. (Lacey, 2003) Validation of the Clusters The study has used the numerical taxonomy process to group the members into segments (Bunn, 1993; McKelvey, 1975; Punj and Stewart, 1983) However no clarity appears to be in sight in determining the range of potential market structures. Initially the number of groups ranged from two to eleven. Although the study has used the appropriate testing and analysis methods like scree testing, discriminant analysis and regression analysis to arrive at a particular number of groups as cluster groups, there is the lack of a scientific variation among the different groups evolved for study. There are possibilities that a slight change in the scaling would have vitiated the results especially in the middle range groups. This may be either due to problems of scaling as observed by Long (1997) or due to large volume of data analysed. According to Long (1997) "Scaling is a common cause of problems when numerical or interdependence methods are utilized, with the ratio between the largest standard deviation and the smallest standard deviation considered heuristically predictive of the likelihood and size of

Gleevac Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gleevac - Essay Example It has four pKa values; 1.52, 2.56, 3.73, 8.07, very soluble in buffers of PH 5.5 and slightly soluble in neutral/alkaline aqueous buffers. Gleevec recognizes the auto inhibitory conformation of the activation loop of the protein that regulates the kinase activity. The structure of inactive state is distinct between different kinases. It has a half-life of 15 hours and allows daily administration. Gleevec is used to treat the chronic phase of CML though applications have been found in Advanced and blast crisis phases. Its efficacy has been found to reduce with phase progression.Most patients that don’t respond to gleevec are in advanced stages of CML at the initiation of treatment. Failure rate of imatinib in patient with chronic phase CML remains low(at less than 15%at 18 months) in patients who did not respond to interferon. In the 1980’s and 90’s much skepticism prevailed first on the development of compounds with specificity among protein kinases. Secondly, the targeting of singular molecular defects seemed insufficient in the treatment of highly heterogeneous cancer [11]. Gazit in 1989 reported low molecular weight tyrosine kinase inhibitors with selective activity towards EGFR. These inhibitors were called tyrophostins. Tyrophostins were useful in selective antiproliferation agents for proliferative diseases caused by hyperactivity of protein tyrosine kinases. Though tyrophostins were not clinically developed, they provided the proof of the principle of selective inhibition of tyrosine kinases by using small molecules [16]. Subsequently 2 phenylaminopyrimidines were reported as selective inhibitors for protein kinases C (PKC), Abelson (ABL) and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) kinases [3]. Tyrosine kinases mediate many of the signaling pathways by which cancer cells prom ote their proliferation and survival. They control cellular function and are thought to be too similar to be inhibited in-vivo [15]. Overall imatinib shows

Ancient chinese civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ancient chinese civilization - Essay Example Ancient China had given the world a lot of useful inventions too, such as the use of paper, the introduction of currency and coinage, its discovery of gunpowder, a cultural heritage like the Great Wall of China built by the emperor Shih Huang Ti whose fairly-recent discovery of his impressive funerary arrangements in a big burial compound containing an impressive array of a terra-cotta army consisting of an 8,000+ life-sized warriors, 400 horses and 100 chariots had astounded archaeologists and historians alike, and the first use of a bureaucracy in the form of civil service to administer an empire. It is said Shih Huang Ti searched for an elixir of youth to attain immortality but failed. The main concern of Confucius was to attain social order and political stability. This is because the period in which he lived was marked by chaos and constant warfare among the various states and people were displaced and inconvenienced as innocent victims of ambitions of various warlords. The key to a peaceful existence, according to the analysis of Confucius, was a return to the virtues of humanity and benevolence in social relations by reciprocity. Confucius asserted that the younger generations must profess filial obedience as a form of duty, one that is forced or emphasized on them as dutiful sons and daughters, because children brought up this way will also end up as benevolent citizens when they turn into adulthood. This is what Confucius meant when he said, â€Å"a young mans duty is to be filial to his parents at home, and respectful to his elders abroad, to be circumspect and truthful . . .† [I:6] because young people who exercise filial piety also are expected to care for their parents when these parents grow old. Filial piety and benevolence translate into kindness for parents and all old people, caring for them always and sensitive to their needs, while benevolence in the larger social sphere will reduce

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Company Law - Essay Example The rights, duties and powers are conferred to the company and its members who become part and parcel of the Articles of Association2. The articles of association of a company are a binding force for the existing members and future members who wish to join in the days ahead. Moreover, the heirs of members, successors and the legal agents are to comply with the provisions of article. The article of association binds the company and its members as they sign the required documents. In other words, it is a kind of contract that exists between the company and its members. As per the terms of article, the association members can enjoy certain rights and duties towards company; where against the company has certain obligations towards its members. Similarly, the company expects its members to fulfill their duties and obligations that are required for smooth functioning of a company3. The constitution of a company relies on articles of association. The Articles identify a set of procedures t o conduct business, preparation of accounts, hold meetings and directors’ appointment. ... Company Act 2006 Under the Companies Act 2006, different sorts of companies can be formed. It provides guidance with regard to the formation of a Limited / Unlimited company, the shareholders, the directors and the employees. Incorporation of Unlimited Company makes the company liable for all losses and debts under the civil law. If a company is formed limited by guarantee, the guarantor’s liability will be limited to the extent of guarantee7. Insolvency Act 1986 It addresses the  insolvency of firms and individuals in line with the bankruptcy law of the United Kingdom. There are two kinds of bankruptcy law, which comprised cash flow insolvency and balance sheet insolvency. The definition of insolvency under the  Insolvency Act 1986 is that if an individual or the company is unable to pay off the debts on due dates, in order to save the company from becoming insolvent, the company will satisfy the court provided that the value of its assets is more than the amount of its d ebts8. In terms of cash flow insolvency, let us look at the case law Re Chine Finance plc9 where the court examined the financial status of cited company to determine its present and future capabilities to pay off debts when they were due. Hence, the creditors would be in a position to call earlier insolvency of the company10. Brief History The case in point is about Paul, who in the year 2010 established sizzling business of supplying delicious food to individuals and companies. In the subsequent year, Paul formed a company namely Murdock Kitchens Ltd and became its sole director by issuing ordinary shares of pound sterling 40,000. During the course of business, he entered into an agreement with Yorkshire Water to supply food for lunches. Later on, Paul got seriously injured

The Rise of the Novel in the Eighteenth Century Essay Example for Free

The Rise of the Novel in the Eighteenth Century Essay The new form, i.e the novel is about certain realistic people living in a certain society and not about fanciful characters, supermen or monsters. On the contrary, the characters are ‘individualized’: which means that every individual, person or character ( ordinary or extraordinary) is independent from other individuals. In the past, individuals or characters in the prose works never stood for themselves: they stood for certain abstracts or qualities :Mr. Greedy, Mr. Angry, Mrs. Domineering, ..etc. With the rise of this literary form, individuals are drawn realistically as independent, regardless of their social status or personal capacity. The characters are analyzed in detail, and shown as complex individuals, affected by social pressures. b) The rise of the middle class: The new middle class in England ( consisting of merchants, lawyers, businessmen, doctors,..etc.) were very educated, but they were unlike the upper classes who were taught in Greek and Latin. The middle-class people could read in English, so they among the readers of then novels at that time. c) Educated women: Women became educated at that time , and so they were a crucial factor in producing a readership for fiction. They benefited from the rise of the novel because they were not educated in Greek and Latin but in history, English grammar, geography,..etc. d) Better education for the middle classes coincidedwith a period of great leisure for women in the middle and upper classes. This left a vacuum in their lives which demanded to be filled. Men, also, demanded imaginative works because they looked for other interests beyond their jobs. Thus, the novel opened new real worlds. e) The increase and spread of newspapers during the eighteenth century is evidence of this interest. Many periodicals such as The Spectator and The Tattler were popular. Addison and Steele, the editors of those periodicals created characters such as Sir Roger de Coverley-an individualized character with essay-like short stories. f) Thirst for travel books characterized by realistic incidents and realistic characters during a period where the British Empire was expanding show the people’s need to learn about other people from other cultures and other lands with different traditions and manners..Many of the eighteenth-century novels were written in the form of travel books such as Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver’s Travels to satisfy this thirst. g) The thirst of the reading public to learn about the manners, and circumstances of other classes and localities. Richardson’s Pamela is a plan to write a series of letters which provide examples of the correct way of behaving in different social situations. h) The novelists, too, felt it was their duty not just to inform bu t also to teach moral lessons. This shows the moral usefulness of the novel. Thus while the novelists introduce their readers to new social worlds, and show the manners of others, they provide the best moral way for their readers to behave. This triple aim- to reveal, to educate, and to encourage moral behavior was an important feature of the eighteenth-century novel. i) As a consequence, the novels were detailed , long, and therefore expensive which means that the rich only could buy them. But by the middle of the eighteenth century, there appeared circulating libraries. So, people could borrow novels free of charge. That was a very important development. j) The rise of modern industrial capitalism, also, emphasized the idea of individualism. Because of industrial capitalism, people started to believe that the individual could choose and decide his future because it taught people how to earn and keep money. Thus, because of those social factors, novelists started to study the individual. In the past, characters were seen as general concepts, without emphasis on their personalities. With the rise of modern industrial capitalism and individualism, the social attitude changed. Novelists started to study the individual’s ehavior, appearance , feelings and materialistic attitude. They chose characters from the real society around them, and who were individualized to the extent that most of them named their novels after the main characters. Some of the themes to be discussed The Moral Significance in Robinson Crusoe (Points to be considered about the theme of moral and spiritual re-awakening) 1- In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe emphasizes the moral element and â€Å"the wisdom of Providence in our life.† 2- Although R. Crusoe blamed his fate and bad luck at the beginning of his adventures, he would gradually believe that his misfortune was â€Å"a judgment of Heaven†, or a punishment of God because he disobeyed his father, and went to sea ignoring his advice. 3- When his ship was first overtaken by a strong storm, Crusoe prayed to God that if He spared his life, he would directly go home. However, when the sea became calm again, he forgot his vows. 4- The ship was overtaken once again by another storm, and the captain told him that it was â€Å"the hand of Providence† punishing Crusoe for his disobedience and breaking his vows to God. 5- The captain warned him that henceforth he would meet with â€Å"disasters and disappointments† if he did not go back to his father. What the captain said proved to be true. 6- On his next voyage to The Canary Islands, Crusoe was kidnapped by pirates and became a miserable slave for two years. 7- On his next voyage to Africa, â€Å"the Hand of God† punished him again. A strong storm struck the ship, and all the other seamen were drowned except Crusoe who found himself in a deserted island. 8- It was not until several horrible incidents took place in the island ( the earthquake, the hurricane, his illness, and the terrible dream), that Crusoe realized for the first time his ‘wrongdoings’, that he lived in wickedness â€Å"without desire of good or consciousness of evil.† 9- From now on, Crusoe starts to re-evaluate his life, to pray to God sincerely, and to reappraise his duty to God. Thus, after much soul-searching, he reaches self-discovery and spiritual re-awakening. 10- The novel ends with Crusoe being a mature individual, in full control of his wealth, using it not for pleasure but to help his old friends and relatives. Industrial Capitalism, Individualism and the Rise of the Novel 1-The rise of the novel during the eighteenth century is greatly associated with the rise of individualism at that time. 2- Individualism stressed the fact that every individual was independent from other individuals, and as a direct result of industrial capitalism, it emphasized that the individual had to choose and decide his future. Modern industrial capitalism, also, taught people how to earn money ,and how increase it. Thus it brought emphasis on the individual and his money. 3- In the past, characters in the romances stood for certain qualities(e.g. Mr. Greedy, Mr. Angry,†¦etc.) and not for themselves. 4-In the eighteenth -century novel, individual characters are drawn as independent regardless of their social status or personal capacity. They are portrayed as complex characters, affected by social pressures. 5-Eighteenth –century novelists such as S. Richardson, H. Fielding, and D. Defoe studied the individual’s attitudes, feelings, and motivations. Defoe emphasized individualism by writing a novel that has one central character with independent individual characteristics. Likewise, Richardson and Fielding concentrated on the individual and named their novels after their main characters. 6-The modern industrial capitalism made people pay great attention to money: how to gain it and how to keep it. In the earlier prose fiction, the main character had moral ideas, and thought only of virtues and good deeds. The eighteenth-century writers became more realistic and dealt with the only interest of the individual at their time, i.e. money. All Defoe’s characters pursue money, and they pursue it very methodically according to the loss and profit of book-keeping. Thus Robinson Crusoe leaves his father’s house and the secure life of the middle class to seek more money. This materialistic point of view began to have a tremendous influence to the extent that idealistic moral values were no longer the core of stories, but the individual and his struggle to gain money. Points to be stressed about The Character of Robinson Crusoe 1. Robinson Crusoe is the central round character who learns the moral lesson which Defoe is trying to convey to his readers. 2. From the beginning, Defoe presents him as an individual endowed with a capability for moral development because of his natural possession of moral sensitivity. 3. As events open, he appears as lacking a certain degree of moral insight and self knowledge, but gradually he gains moral and spiritual re-awakening and self discovery. 4. This gradual change can be traced in three stages in his life: a) When the novel opens, Crusoe leaves home in disobedience of his father and without asking for God’s blessings in search for more wealth, neglecting his father’s advice concerning the advantages of the middle class. Crusoe ,then, goes through four adventures in the sea during which he experiences many misfortunes, and has very narrow escapes from death. At this stage, Crusoe’s character is shown as discontented, rash, romantic ,lacking reason and any sense of moral duty towards God and father. Despite the dangers he faces, he never realizes the moral lesson or that these dangers are a punishment of God for his wrongdoings. He blames his bad luck, fate, or his companions. b) The second stage in Crusoe’s moral and spiritual development starts with his journey to the coast of Guinea which ends up in his shipwreck, the death of all his fellow sailors and his own survival after he swims to a remote deserted island. During this stage, Crusoe suffers, first, physically to provide for his food, shelter, and security. As he struggles to do this, he shows his great abilities of a resourceful, energetic, and inventive individual, although he has never had any knowledge of mechanics or mathematics. At the same time, however, he has many moral reflections which show his mental stress. c) The final stage of this process of gradual moral and spiritual re-awakening culminates in the episode his illness and dream after the earthquake. For the first time, Crusoe recognizes that he is the doer of all his misfortunes, and realizes that he is responsible of all his wrongdoings for has neither asked God for help when he is in danger, nor thanked Him when he is rescued. With this admission of guilt, Crusoe moves quickly in the road of moral and spiritual recovery. Thus he sincerely prays to God for help for the first time. After that, he feels not only physical but also spiritual ease and comfort. As he triumphs over the cannibals, saves Friday and the captain of the ship and his crew, and finally saves himself, he reaches complete satisfaction 5. Thus Crusoe is portrayed as a complex round character who reaches his moral and spiritual growth, after many experiences, .

Favorite Place Essay Example for Free

Favorite Place Essay Peace and serenity. The feeling of wind swiping past your body is one of the things that just lead to a release of everything. Theres a sense of calmness that is incomparable to this sensation. For me, this sensation is one of the main reasons that the beach is my favorite place. The beach is one of the most peaceful and relaxing places there are, and the beach comes along with the quite a few possible adventures, which is what truly makes the beach the most spectacular place. The smell of salt and freshness make it so all you want to do is sit there embracing the scent for months. Its amazing to be so intensely amused by some of the seemingly smallest things in life. The fact that the beach makes it so that you appreciate all the little things is another one of the reasons that the beach is what I consider to be my favorite place. The beach has a sense of adventure and mystery among it. There are millions of creatures that live throughout the ocean and the sand. Each creature has its own special qualities. Every time you go to the beach it could be a new adventure. You could have an encounter with either one of the many types of plants there, or you could have an encounter with one of the animals there. The time that I had gone and swam alongside a group of manatees down the entire shore of the beach for nearly 50 feet was one of the most memorable and magical experiences that Ive ever had. The adventure to be had is truly endless at the beach. We already know millions of types of animals that use the ocean as their home, and we only have knowledge of five percent of the ocean to this day. That statement alone represents the absolute mystery of the beach, hence my fascination with it. The beach is one of the few places that include so many of the aspects of life that most people love. The calm atmosphere, the adventure, and the activities to be done. At the beach you have the ability to do so many different things. You have the ability to engage in so many different aspects of the beach. There is the ability to either swim, play with the marine life, or do some of the sports activities that the beach contains. Plus just the general joy of enjoying the sun and wind in the sand is always there. Whether it be building the sandcastles, trying to catch fish in a pale, searching for the prettiest of the shells, or playing volleyball with my family, the beach has always had something to offer me. Even if the weather is bad, making it nearly impossible to do any of the typical beach activities, simply looking at the skies and the water in the midst of a storm is an amazing view. No matter what the situation is, the beach always manages to see it through somehow and never let me down. The beach is what I consider to be my favorite place because of all of the different things that the beach has to offer. In any circumstance, there is always some reason to want to be at the beach. It is the perfect place to be alone, or the perfect place to spend time with either your family or friends. In any case, the beach is by far my favorite place to be.

Dramatism Theory and Kenneth Burke

Dramatism Theory and Kenneth Burke Investigation Into The Theory Of Dramatism And Kenneth Burke This report investigates the communication theory of dramatism and Kenneth Burke, to understand the basic concepts of dramatism and obtain an understanding. Kenneth Burke is the founder of the theory of dramatism, he lived until the age of 96 (1897-1993). The theory uses two terms to differentiate between movements, action is used to describe intentional action and motion describes meaningless action. The theory uses the term guilt to describe any feeling of tension within a person. Burke believed that humans communicate to purge their guilt, in a guilt redemption cycle. The theory explains identification as a consubstantiation, a portion of substance that overlaps when people communicate. A core component of dramatism is the dramatistic pentad and its elements, which can help analyse a communication event. An example of applying the pentad is included and explanation on how dramatism can be applied to day to day events, with a portion explaining how dramatism can be applied in infor mation technology. Dramatism is then evaluated by using common tests for testing interpretive communication theories. This report contains several criticisms of dramatism regarding problems in the theory and with interpretation of the theory. Introduction Purpose The purpose of this report is to investigate the communication theory of dramatism and Kenneth Burke, to gain an understanding of this theory to share with my class. The basis of the research in this report will be used for an education presentation, in an attempt to share my findings with my class. Scope The scope of this report is to investigate Kenneth Burke and his theory of dramatism, to gain a basic understanding. This included an understanding of Burkes history, the concepts of dramatism and problems with dramatism. The information researched was from books, journal articles found on databases and Internet websites with information about dramatism. Limitations This report is affected by several limitations, the biggest of which is my knowledge of rhetoric communication theories starting this research project. This is a large limitation because dramatism is based on previous work in the field of rhetorical communication, and this significantly increased the time taken to understand the theory. Time is another limitation which affected this report, as this report is written under the pressure of a deadline, reducing the amount of research that could be done. Another factor involving time that impacted this report is that while writing this report as a student, time is a valued and rare commodity. A final limitation on this report is the availability of information which is targeted at a student investigating dramatism, as a lot of the work is aimed at Burklean scholars. Research Methods Information obtained for this report is found from books, journal article from databases and Internet sites. The books were a basis for my research, as they provided a broad overview of the core theory and explanations. While the journal articles and Internet sites provided an in depth view into one or few aspects of the theory. Structure Of Report This report moves onto a literacy review which provides a brief summary, evaluation of accuracy and evaluation of validity of the information. The literacy review contains two sources from books, journal articles and internet sites related to the topic of dramatism. The findings section follows which provides a background to Kenneth Burke, an outline of theories, an application of the theory and an evaluation of the theory. From the findings a conclusion section is drawn, providing a summary of points of information points and a critique of the theory. A glossary of terms, references and bibliography is provided to assist the reader. Literature Review Theories of human Communication (7th ed.) Littlejohn, S W. (2003). Theories of human communication (7th ed.).  California: Wadsorth/Thomson Learning. Although Littlejohn does not cover Kenneth Burkes personal history, he does cover the theory of Dramatism in depth. Littlejohn describes the terms actions, motives, guilt, substance, consubstantiality and identification from Burkes work, with examples. Other fundamentals of Burkes work are explained in great detail such as symbols, no neutral words, dramatistic pentad and the five elements of the dramatistic pentad. Littlejohn also uses the example of Edward Kennedy to explain how the dramatistic pentad can be applied. Littlejohns information appears to be accurate and valid to other sources studied, he also includes a large bibliography and footnotes at the bottom of each page to reference the information. Aside from the described physical evidence found to validate accuracy, Littlejohn is a highly regarded authority in communication theories. Communication Theories Miller, K. (2001). Communication Theories. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Miller describes Burkes personal history and education before moving onto the topic of Dramatism. It is described that four aspects of Burkes thought have been particularly influential in shaping views of the social world. Aside from describing aspects of Burkes work such as motion versus action, guilt and Burke believing life is drama, Miller includes and briefly analyses Burkes poem labelled as â€Å"definition of man†, and discusses a paper written about the problem of agency. The dramatistic pentad and its five elements are clearly defined, along with action as rhetorical, identification, substance, consubstantiation and the importance of Burkes work. Miller is regarded as an authority in the field of communication theories, and used a large bibliography in this book. The information on Dramatism was consistent with other sources studied. â€Å"Identification† as a Key Term in Kenneth Burkes Rhetorical Theory Quigley, B L. (n.d.). Identification as a key term in Kenneth Burkes rhetorical theory. Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://acjournal.org/holdings/vol1/iss3/burke/quigley.html Quigley explains that Burkes use of Identification is accessory to the traditional focus of persuasion, and then explains how and why. The article goes over the basic concepts of Burkes work in the field of identification and persuasion, and then moves onto different types of identification. The article covers identification as semi-conscious, through self-persuasion, though mundane/recurring and through representation with examples from Princess Dianas death. Quigley only had five references for this article, although three of them are work by Kenneth Burke. Despite a relatively small number of references, this article expands on topics that I have studied in other sources. Coming to Terms with Kenneth Burkes Pentad Clarke, J. (n.d.). Coming to terms with Kenneth Burkes pentad. Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol1/iss3/burke/rountree.html This paper starts as an introduction to Burkes work, to move onto expanding the pentad into a heuristic, as Burke discovered in his later work attitude belongs in the pentad. The paper also explains that Burke does not claim any originality for his pentad, as previous theorists had come up with the same heuristic using different terms. Clarke then explains an interpretation of the pentad in which critics should also look for grammatical and non-verbal function for motives, not just their superficial connection to a source. This paper included ideas and theories that I had not yet studied or seen before, but it included examples of how the ideas should be applied. Clarke has used a large list of references to create this document and the article can be found from Em Griffens website. With this in mind, a lot of the information I have seen in other sources and I believe the rest to be accurate and valid for reasons given. Re-visiting Kenneth Burke: Dramatism/Logology and the problem of Agency Conrad, C., Macom, E A. (1995). Re-visiting Kenneth Burke: Dramatism/Logology and the problem of agency. The Southern Communication Journal. 61(1), 11-29. The problem of agency arises in this document from human actors being defined as â€Å"choice-making animals†, the balance between voluntarism and determinism are questioned. The problem with agency described in this article is based on the problem of finding a way of accounting for human experience with recognition, and a pure determinism and pure voluntarism are unacceptable. The article describes Burkes work with this problem and a number of different interpretations of the relationship between action and motion. It is suggested that a social action theory needs to be developed which is not grounded in dualism between action and structure inevitably. This document has been extensively researched as it has a large list of references which include Kenneth Burkes work and his thoughts and the criticism received regarding this topic. This article is from The Southern Communication Journal, indicating that it should be very accurate and contain only valid information. Defending Dramatism as ontological and literal Crable, B. (2000). Defending dramatism as ontological and literal. Communication Quarterly. 48(4), This article was written to document Crables work as he reread the dispute the work of Burke to provide insight to the argument of dramatism as epistemological and metaphorical or ontological and literal. The document investigates Burkes work with an independent view to discover how Burke would have answered the question at hand. But it is concluded that Burke defends dramatism as ontology because he begins with language as action, not representation. Burkes work also argues that this starting point is literal, that it offers the most complete approach to the study of motivation. The article mostly references Burkes work as that is what is in question, and the article was published in the Communication Quarterly. Therefore the work must contain a high level of accuracy and validity. Findings Background To Theorist The theory of dramatism was developed by Kenneth Burke who lived from 1897 to 1993, to â€Å"describe what he saw going on when people opened their mouths to communicate† (Griffin, 2009, p.289). Burkes work has had a large impact on communication although Burke never graduated from college, and despite this he taught at a number of institutions of higher level education. Burke entered the field of communication in 1952 and he was introduced by Maris Hochmuth Nichols, with her contrast between old rhetoric and the new rhetoric. Burkes career included literary critic, social critic, poet, fiction author, translator, composer and social theorist. Since Burkes death at the age of 96, there is now a Kenneth Burke Society which holds conferences and tributes to Burke and his work. Outline Of Theory To understand humans and the social world, Kenneth Burke uses two terms to differentiate between intentional and unintentional movements or behaviour. These are motion used to describe behaviour which are non-purposeful or unintentional and action which is behaviour that is purposeful or intentional. Burke believed that it is the difference between action and motion that makes human distinct from other animals. Miller states â€Å"In the most basic sense, through, the move from motion to action – through the use of symbolism, and especially language – marks humans as agents rather than reactors in the social world† (p. 90). The difference between an action and a reaction from past experience has caused much controversy over the description of agency. For Burke language is always emotionally loaded and no word can be neutral, as attitudes and feelings appear in the language used. Miller (2001) states â€Å"Burke (1935) believed that the drama of life is motivated by guilt† (p. 90). Burke used the term guilt to describe a variety of negative processes such as anxiety, embarrassment, shame and disgust. He also believed that to purge our guilt we use victimage, in that we either blame ourselves as in the term mortification or blame some else as in the term scapegoating. The guilt redemption cycle is complete once the guilt has been purged through mortification or scapegoating, although it is often short lived because the social world involves guilt that will start the cycle again. Burkes work used three sources of guilt, the negative, principal of perfection and principal of hierarchy. For Burke rhetoric was not just a process of persuasion, but also a process of creating identification. For this identification Burke used the term substance, to describe characteristics or identity of a person. When two people meet their substances overlap to different extents, the amount of substance overlapping was called consubstantiation by Burke. It is through consubstantiation that identification is felt between people, and speakers will often try to gain an area of consubstantiation with their audience to form identification. Burke proposed three sources of identification, material identification, idealistic identification and formal identification. Littlejohn (2003) states â€Å"Identification is not an either/ or occurrence but a matter of degree† (p. 156). There are many different types of identification described in Burkes work, a common method of identification is common ground. Identification by common ground can be identification as semi-conscious, this identification occurs when a speaker uses symbols associated with a wealth or class. Identification through self-persuasion can be described as keeping faith despite criticisms, due to rationalising their choice in ways that strengthen identification. Identification through mundane and recurring can be caused by becoming familiar with something or someone because they are always in your life somehow. Identification through representation typically occurs when a person views another persons actions as inspiring, and this creates identification with that person they would like to be. Successful communicators often adopt strategies in order to identify with their audience, and Burke suggests in order to analyse an event the strategies must be identified. Miller states â€Å"His proposal of the dramatistic pentad (Burke, 1945, 1968) considers five aspects of social life that should be considered in order to understand how we behave, and talk about our behaviour, in the symbolic world† (p. 91). When analysing with the pentad it is important to also look for grammatical and non-verbal functions for motives as well as their analysis of words. The five elements of the dramatistic pentad are: Act – What was done Scene – The location and context of the act. Agent – The person or people that performed the act Purpose – The goal of the act Agency – Method used to perform the act From analysing a situation with the five elements of the dramatistic pentad and using Burkes pentadic ratio, it is possible to find the hidden views of a communication event. Application Of Theory Littlejohn (2003) describes David Lings work on how the Burkes pentad can be used to understand a communication event, as similar communications are seen often from politicians around the world: In 1969 Edward Kennedy, a senator from Massachusetts, was involved in an automobile accident with an aide, Mary Jo Kopechne, in which he accidentally drove a car off a bridge into a pond. Kennedy escaped, but Kopechne drowned. In a remarkable address to the public about a week later, he explained what happened and attempted to regain the support of the people. Ling writes that Kennedy wanted to achieve two things: to minimize his own responsibility for the accident and to make the people of Massachusetts responsible for whether or not he would continue in office. Kennedys appeal on the first point describes himself (agent) as helpless victim of the events leading to the death of the young woman (scene). He explains his own failure to report the accident (act) as a consequence of his confusion and injuries. Kennedys depiction makes him out to be a victim of a tragic situation. Later in his speech, Kennedy essentially offered to resign if the citizens wanted him to. Here, the scene shi fted to the public reaction to the accident, the agent became the people of Massachusetts, the act was their decision as to whether he should resign, the agency would be a statement of resignation, and the purpose would be to remove him from office. Ling believes this was a very effective speech. The reaction was overwhelmingly positive, and Kennedy continued in office. (p. 156-157) From the above example of how to apply Burkes work and the pentad to analyse an event, as the pentad can be used to analyse many communication events including political speeches. Burkes work can also be applied to just about any other communication event as well, to analyse underlying focus and views. Identification methods and substance can be seen in common events such as Michael Jacksons death, there was much criticisms when he was alive by the media, although many people still shared a feeling of identification with him. The guilt redemption cycle can be used on a daily basis to help understand different motives for communications, especially communications resulting from a negative situation or result. Initially Burkes work was developed for face-to-face communication, but it can also be applied to the IT industry. A main source of communication in the IT industry is via email or instant messaging, this can also be analysed by the Burkes work. By analysing communication strategies, language and tones used in the message sent it is possible to detect guilt, mortification or scapegoating. It is very easy to send a message of identification through hierarchy via online messaging, as the physical distance is ignored. Identification and persuasion can occur very easily through online messages and from websites, by the sender displaying a wide substance. Due to the large amount of communication methods in the information technology industry, the method of communication (scene) can hold significance in the communication strategy. This can be in the case of sending an important message as an email, signifying that the person does not particularly interested or want to see you. With the opp osite being possible as well, a person not sending an email for an unimportant reminder can indicate an excuse to start conversation. Evaluation Of Theory Dramatism is an interpretive theory about understanding why a person behaves in the way that they do, and not so much in the predication of human behaviour. Burkes theory offers a new understanding of people, behaviour and symbolic interaction. Burke applied his theory to Shakespeare, and since then has been applied to many politicians and public speakers in order to get a greater understanding of the underlying communications and texts. Burkes pentad applied to texts can provide a clarification of values, as it can identify the ideology behind the message being examined. The theory does not contain much aesthetic appeal, although it does use bibliographic terms over scientific terms which creates an aesthetic appeal. Aside from the bibliographic terms, the theory does not provide much aesthetics. Burkes work has appeared in many communication journals, and there is now a Kenneth Burke society dedicated to ensuring the understanding of dramatism and development on the kbjournal (Kenn eth Burke journal). Although there are debates over components of dramatism, the theory is widely accepted and considered to be a fundamental part of human interpretation. Aside from the Kenneth Burke society, there are now Burklean scholars which are dedicated to dramatism, so it is fair to conclude that this theory has caused a reform of society. Conclusion Summary Of Points Of Information This report has described information found about Kenneth Burke and the theory of dramatism discovered from my research. A background of Kenneth Burke was found and described before describing dramatism and its elements. To start describing dramatism, it is explained first the different between action and motion in regards to symbolism. The next topic described is guilt and the guilt redemption cycle, including explaining the concepts of mortification and scapegoating. To understand identification it is described how Burke viewed this with substance, consubstantiation and some common types of identification. Some brief definitions and descriptions are included as identification through common ground, as this is an essential part of identification. Finally the dramatistic pentad, elements of the pentad and its use are described. An example of applying dramatism to the real life incident of Edward Kennedy is included, as it is a great example of dramatism. It is then mentioned that Burkes work can be applied to many day to day events and the guilt can be seen on a day to day basis. Then it is explained how dramatism can be applied to the information technology industry, especially when information communication technology is used. The final section to findings evaluates dramatism as an interpretive theory, finding that all the standard tests for an interpretive study are successful in dramatism. Critique Of The Theory A key issue with Burkes work has been labelled the â€Å"problem of agency†, and the problem is finding a way of accounting for human reaction due to experiences and situations. It is when this is taken into consideration it becomes unclear as to if a choice was volunteered or determined, as an essential part of agency is choice. Burke was aware of this problem and spent a large portion of his career trying to construct a more accurate definition of agency, action and motion. This topic has been thoroughly analysed by many communication scholars with the suggestion that further work in developing a rhetorical theory of social action, that they start at the beginning with a view of the action-structure relationship which is not based on dualism like Burkes work. Another issue with Burkes work is the debate on whether dramatism is epistemological and metaphorical, or that dramatism is ontological and literal. This issue was first debated at the Eastern Communication Association conference, the debate failed to settle the issue. There is not as yet an answer to this issue, as Burke has stated that his work is not merely metaphorical, but is instead a literal way of speaking about the human condition. Although Burke has claimed his work is ontological and literal, there is debate that his work does not depict out this way. Burkes theory of dramatism is highly respected and a common tool in interpretive analysis of a communication event. Although many students have difficulty in coming to terms with dramatism and the way it is written, provides a difficult learning experience. The theory is built off previous work in the field of rhetoric, which also can provide learning difficulties when studying dramatism without exposure to old rhetoric. This theory is used frequently, although it is arguable whether dramatism is complete as problems still exist and debates still occur. In summary, Burkes work has changed the world of rhetoric although it may not be complete, in the sense that Burke did not finish solving problems in dramatism and debate continues. Although Burke is recognized for dramatism and all of its elements, Burke does not claim any originality for his pentad. As the same pentad is found in Aristotles and Talcon Parsons work, with the exception of different terms used to describe the same elem ents of the pentads. Glossary Of Terms Action – Purposeful and voluntary behaviours. Consubstantiation – The overlapping substance between people. Dramatism – What Kenneth Burke saw when people opened their mouths to communicate. Dramatistic – Looking at the nature of language stressing on language as action. Guilt – Term used to describe any feeling of tension within a person. Mortification – Purging guilt through self-blame. Motion – Non-purposeful and non-meaningful behaviours. Scapegoating – See victimage. Substance – Term to describe a persons physical characteristics, talents, occupation, experiences, personality, beliefs and attitudes. Victimage – The process of purging guilt through blame of another person or persons. References Griffin, E. (2009). A first look at communication theory. (7th ed.). States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies Littlejohn, S W. (2003). Theories of human communication. (7th ed.). United States of America: Wadsorth/Thomson Learning. Miller, K. (2001). Communication Theories. United States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies Bibliography Clarke, J. (n.d.). Coming to terms with Kenneth Burkes pentad. Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol1/iss3/burke/rountree.html Conrad, C., Macom, E A. (1995). Re-visiting Kenneth Burke: Dramatism/Logology and the problem of agency. The Southern Communication Journal. 61(1), 11-29. Crable, B. (2000). Defending dramatism as ontological and literal. Communication Quarterly. 48(4),   323-343. Griffin, E. (2009). A first look at communication theory. (7th ed.). States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies Kenneth Burke. (2009) Retrieved August 30, 2009,   from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Burke Littlejohn, S W. (2003). Theories of human communication. (7th ed.). United States of America: Wadsorth/Thomson Learning. Miller, K. (2001). Communication Theories. United States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies Quigley, B L. (n.d.). Identification as a key term in Kenneth Burkes rhetorical theory. Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://acjournal.org/holdings/vol1/iss3/burke/quigley.html

ABC, Inc. Case Study Analysis Essay -- Management Business Essays

ABC, Inc. Case Study Analysis Problem At the beginning of April, Carl Robbins was hired at ABC, INC. as a new recruiter. He successfully hired several employees, even though he was fairly new at his job. This was his first recruitment effort that turned out quite well. After this, the Operations Supervisor, Monica Carrolls, tasked Carl to recruit 15 new employees to begin working at ABC in July. So Carl scheduled an orientation to take place for the 15 employees on June 15th. Monica contacted Carl around May 15th to ensure that the process to get the orientation started was underway and Carl assured her that the orientation would be ready in time. Carl started working on the task to set up the orientation around the end of May and soon realized he didn’t have a room for the orientation to be held and the necessary paperwork was far from complete. He only had three manuals and all were missing pages and not one of the new employees was scheduled to get the required drug test. He had two weeks until the orientation was to be presented and suddenly realized he may have misinformed Monica on having the orientation ready in time. Carl put himself in a misfortunate situation with his lack of experience and improper use of communication causing him to be behind in his tasking. If Carl does not act fast or start communicating with his management, he may not be able to make the deadline. Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Carl’s situation he did not have much experience for his job and ...

Critiques of Frederick Douglass Work, from The Narrative to the North

Critiques of Frederick Douglass' Work, from The Narrative to the North Star "Right is of no sex-Truth is of no color-God is the Father of us all, And all we are brethren." A brief biography of Frederick Douglass Some historical criticisms of Douglass' Narrative New criticisms of Douglass' work Frederick Douglass Links See the First edition of The North Star, Douglass's newspaper A brief biography of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was born into the institution of slavery in 1817, in Tuckahoe, Maryland. Frederick Douglass did not know the exact date of his birth so he adopted February 14th, because his mother used to call him her "little valentine." Douglass knew very little about his mother since she was a field hand on the plantation some twelve miles away, and tragically she died when he was a very young boy. Douglass did not know who his father was, but it was rumored he was the son of his white slave master, Aaron Anthony. As a child, some cruel slaveholders mistreated him. At times, to keep from starving, he competed with his master's dog for table scraps and bones. In 1825, he was sent to serve as a houseboy in the home of Hugh and Sophia Auld in Baltimore, Maryland. Mrs. Auld grew fond of Douglass and decided to teach him how to read and write. When Mr. Auld discovered this, he soon put a stop to it; however, Douglass had already acquired enough to carry on by himself. In 1832, Douglass went back to the harsh life on the plantation in Tuckahoe. For years later, along with several other slaves, Douglass attempted to escape, however the attempt was unsuccessful because one of the slaves revealed their plan. Viewed as a "bad slave," Douglass was sent to Mr. Covey's plantation. Covey was ... ...eated. Douglass made poignant points about manhood, Christianity and literacy that helped the freedom bells ring for all mankind. He did so in a peaceful and Christian manner that was exemplary and repeated in later years by civil rights activist Martin Luther King. Douglass opened the eyes for many both black and white to the shadows and indignities that slavery cast on all that were involved with it. Through his hard work, dedication and sacrifice he helped bring an end to the demon of slavery. Bibliography Almanac, Afro-American, "Biography of Frederick Douglass."(1996): 7 paragraphs.[On-line] Available: www.toptags.com/aama/bio/men/freddoug.htm File:bio Davis, Charles T., Henry Louis Gates Jr. The Slaves Narrative.London:Oxford Press Sundquist, Eric J., ed. Frederick Douglass: New Literacy and Historical Essays. Boston: Cambridge Press, 1990. Critiques of Frederick Douglass' Work, from The Narrative to the North Critiques of Frederick Douglass' Work, from The Narrative to the North Star "Right is of no sex-Truth is of no color-God is the Father of us all, And all we are brethren." A brief biography of Frederick Douglass Some historical criticisms of Douglass' Narrative New criticisms of Douglass' work Frederick Douglass Links See the First edition of The North Star, Douglass's newspaper A brief biography of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was born into the institution of slavery in 1817, in Tuckahoe, Maryland. Frederick Douglass did not know the exact date of his birth so he adopted February 14th, because his mother used to call him her "little valentine." Douglass knew very little about his mother since she was a field hand on the plantation some twelve miles away, and tragically she died when he was a very young boy. Douglass did not know who his father was, but it was rumored he was the son of his white slave master, Aaron Anthony. As a child, some cruel slaveholders mistreated him. At times, to keep from starving, he competed with his master's dog for table scraps and bones. In 1825, he was sent to serve as a houseboy in the home of Hugh and Sophia Auld in Baltimore, Maryland. Mrs. Auld grew fond of Douglass and decided to teach him how to read and write. When Mr. Auld discovered this, he soon put a stop to it; however, Douglass had already acquired enough to carry on by himself. In 1832, Douglass went back to the harsh life on the plantation in Tuckahoe. For years later, along with several other slaves, Douglass attempted to escape, however the attempt was unsuccessful because one of the slaves revealed their plan. Viewed as a "bad slave," Douglass was sent to Mr. Covey's plantation. Covey was ... ...eated. Douglass made poignant points about manhood, Christianity and literacy that helped the freedom bells ring for all mankind. He did so in a peaceful and Christian manner that was exemplary and repeated in later years by civil rights activist Martin Luther King. Douglass opened the eyes for many both black and white to the shadows and indignities that slavery cast on all that were involved with it. Through his hard work, dedication and sacrifice he helped bring an end to the demon of slavery. Bibliography Almanac, Afro-American, "Biography of Frederick Douglass."(1996): 7 paragraphs.[On-line] Available: www.toptags.com/aama/bio/men/freddoug.htm File:bio Davis, Charles T., Henry Louis Gates Jr. The Slaves Narrative.London:Oxford Press Sundquist, Eric J., ed. Frederick Douglass: New Literacy and Historical Essays. Boston: Cambridge Press, 1990.

Eating Disorders :: essays research papers

Addiction is having a devotion to something to a point where it becomes a habit and even obsessive. Anorexia and bulimia are forms of addiction (www.addictionscience.net). Eating disorders are patterns of persistent eating or dieting behavior. They can be caused by significant emotional, physical, and relational distress (www.addictionscience.net). Some eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge eating. Anorexia is the relentless pursuit of thinness. Bulimia is the uncontrollable urge to eat large amounts of food in a short amount of time (Exploring Science 6th Edition Myers, David G). The media plays a big part in this it creates an artificial image that people are supposed to look picture perfect, such as supermodels and athletes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People with anorexia are unable to maintain there average body weight and height for their age (www.aedweb.org). Most are afraid of gaining weight and usually see themselves as being fat, even thought they might be underweight (www.aedweb.org). People with anorexia often deal with depression and withdrawal. They begin strange behavior such as dividing there food into a â€Å"good/safe† category, and a â€Å"bad/dangerous† category (www.calpsy.net/org).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Individuals with Bulimia usually overeat during meals. After eating, they usually feel guilty and punish themselves by forcing themselves to vomit, or by using laxatives, enemas, or by over exercising (Exploring Science 6th Edition Myers, David G). They also deal with depression and loneliness often. People with Bulimia have difficulty talking about their inner feelings. They also have anxiety depression, and anger (Exploring Science 6th Edition Myers, David G). They also might have problems with impulse control, shoplifting, and may be very sexually adventurous. They may also take in the habit to abuse drugs and alcohol depending on severity (www.anred.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People who binge eats are usually overweight. They diet to make themselves hungry and then binge eat to make up for the hunger. However, also eat for emotional reasons because they feel it substitutes for their depression (www.addictionscience.net).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the warning signs of eating disorders are with food behavior (Exploring Science 6th Edition Myers, David G). They will usually skip meals or only eat a small portion. They will not eat in front of other people and they mix strange food combinations, they will also have an excuse to never eat. Suddenly they will stop eating their favorite foods and only eat a few â€Å"safe† foods. Often find themselves wearing baggy clothes to cover up their â€Å"non-perfect† appearance (www.

Dust Bowl of the 1930s

The Dust Bowl of the 1930’s had such an antagonistic effect on the United States economy that was already plummeting. The Dust Bowl affected the U. S economy in just about every way possible ranging from agriculture to finances including government expenses to population changes. This phenomena can be considered as one of the worst natural disasters that has affected the United States. The â€Å"Dust Bowl† was the name given to the Great Plains region that was greatly affected by drought in the 1930’s during the Great Depression. The major contribution that led to the Dust Bowl was overproduction of crops however there were some natural causes. Much of the soil there had been damaged by wind and rain. The soil in this area was subjected to water and wind damage because the protective cover of vegetation was impaired through poor farming and the grazing of too many animals† (World Book Encyclopedia). The overproduction was due in part to the fact that the co untry was in the midst of World War I. â€Å"During World War I international demand for food crops like wheat and corn soared. Because of this farmers planted more crops and took out loans to buy land and equipment. But after the war demand for farm products declined and crop prices fell by fifty percent† (Danzer 651-652). In and effort to make up for the falling prices, farmers tried to plant even more crops, but this only caused lower prices. As a result of these poor land management practices and lack of precipitation the land became arid. There was little grass and few trees to hold the soil down. When the wind storms hit, dust was blown all over, making it virtually impossible for farming. When farming in the Great Plains was no longer a way of making a living many of the inhabitants left the land behind and moved west to California in search of work. â€Å"Plagued by dust storms and evictions, thousands of farmers and sharecroppers left their land behind. They packed up their families and their few belongings and headed west, following route 66 to California† (Danzer 652). The term Okies was coined to describe the migrants from Oklahoma but was later used to describe all migrants. â€Å"By the end of the 1930’s, the population of California had grown by more than one million† (Danzer 652). Those who remained in the drought regions were forced to endure severe dust storms and their health effects, diminished incomes, animal infestations, and the physical and emotional stress over their uncertain futures was unbearable (National Drought Mitigation Center, online). As the Great Depression wore on, the government took steps to intervene and try to save the nation. Led by the effort within the U. S. Department of Agriculture, newly created agencies like the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), the Resettlement Administration (RA), and the Farm Security Administration (FSA) were the loudest to publicize and deplore the Dust Bowl wracking America's heartland (Cunfer, online). Also led by the President Herbert Hoover and the United States Congress, the Federal Home Loan Bank Act was passed in 1933. This act lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance their farm loans and avoid foreclosure. Newly elected President Franklin Delano Roosevelt succeeded Hoover in 1932 during the ongoing Depression. FDR proposed many acts to try and resolve the national issues in his program titled the â€Å"New Deal† . One of his most recognized acts that directly assisted farmers was known as the Agricultural Adjustment Act. â€Å"This act sought to raise crop prices by lowering production, which the government achieved by paying farmers to not grow† (Danzer 667). A second program that was passed was the Civilian Conservation Corps. This program put young men to work to perform public jobs including planting trees and helping soil erosion. The United States government spent unprecedented amounts of money to recover from the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. â€Å"The magnitude of the droughts of the 1930s, combined with the Great Depression, led to unprecedented government relief efforts. Congressional actions in 1934 alone accounted for relief expenditures of $525 million, the total cost would be impossible to determine† (National Drought Mitigation Center, online). Despite all the negative effects of the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression there were a few positives. For one thing all the government sponsored programs provided jobs and a source of income for those who were unemployed. Also the Roosevelt era marked the beginning of large-scale aid. This also ushered in some of the first long-term, proactive programs to reduce future vulnerability to drought (National Drought Mitigation Center, online). The Dust Bowl was one of the worst natural disasters that has affected the United States. This disaster along with the Great Depression had negative influences on agriculture, state populations, and finances including individual families and the government. However, in the face of all this commotion a few positive results occurred. People found jobs and a source of income and the government was able to bring the nation out of turmoil. Work Cited Danzer, Gerald A, et al. â€Å"The Depression. † The Americans. Boston: McDougal Littell, 2000. 642-676. Print. â€Å"Dust Bowl. † The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. N. p. : Field Enterprises, 1958. Print. 18 vols. Drought in the Dust Bowl Years. National Drought Mitigation Center, 2006. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. . Cunfer, Geoff. EH. Net Encyclopedia: The Dust Bowl. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. .

Doctors in Training

Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 2-9-2009 Today begins Part I of the Doctors In Training. com USMLE Step 1 Review Course. Below you will find 20 questions with specific page references to First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2009 edition. Twenty new questions similar to the ones below will arrive every Monday and Thursday to your email address from now until May 14th. These questions encourage you to study for the USMLE now and help you learn the high-yield information in a more active manner.At this point in your USMLE study, I recommend that you spend about 10-12 hours a week reviewing and studying for the USMLE, but do not neglect your present coursework. At the bare minimum, I recommend that you go though these twice weekly questions. I also highly recommend finding a study partner to keep you on-track and make your learning more active rather than simply reading to yourself. Quiz each other with these questions and â€Å"pimp† each other with new questions as you go through First Aid together. Additionally, you should try to go through First Aid at least once prior to the start of Part II of the Doctors In Training. om Step 1 Review in order to get the most out of the course. You can use our study schedules posted online to help make your study plan. If you have any questions, please visit the website at www. DoctorsInTraining. com or contact our office via email or phone. Sincerely, Brian Jenkins, MD What would expect to find in a pt with a lesion of CN XII? CN X? (FA p396) What are some of the distinctive clinical features of Williams syndrome? (FA p93) On which cells would you find CD3 molecules? On which cells would you find CD4 molecules? To what do CD4 molecules bind? On which cells would you find CD8 molecules?To what do CD8 molecules bind? (FA p195) What causes the S1, S2, S3, and S4 heart sounds? (FA p248) Name five or more drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase. What is the clinical application for each? (FA p229) What are the main differences between nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome? (FA p445) What are the acidic and basic amino acids? Where can you find high concentrations of basic amino acids? Why are these amino acids found in these areas? (FA p107) What bacteria are known for causing bloody diarrhea? (FA p174) What nerve injury would you suspect in a pt with the following motion deficits? FA p355) †¢ foot drop (loss of dorsiflexion) †¢ loss of plantar flexion †¢ loss of knee jerk †¢ loss of hip adduction What are the leading causes of death in infants? (FA p66) What is the equation for determining a drug’s volume of distribution? (FA p222) What are the clinical features of hyperammonemia? (FA p108) What changes in sleep patterns and sexual anatomy are seen in the elderly? (FA p70) Describe the probe and sample to which the probe binds in the following molecular biology techniques: Southern blot, Northern blot, and Western blot. (FA p86 )What are the diagnostic criteria for major depressive episode? What changes in sleep patterns are seen in pts with depression? (FA p423) What is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis? (FA p482) Which neoplasm is most commonly responsible for the hormone paraneoplastic syndrome? (FA p218) – ACTH ( Cushing’s syndrome – PTH-related peptide ( hypercalcemia – erythropoietin ( polycythemia – ADH ( SIADH What is the blood supply to the embryonic foregut, midgut, and hindgut? What adult structures arise from these primitive guts? (FA p299) Which tract of the spinal cord relays sensory information from the body?Which tract relays pain and temperature sensation? Which tract relays motor sensation to the body? (FA p388) What is the most common tumor of the salivary gland? What is the most common malignant tumor of the salivary gland? (FA p308) Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 2-11-2009 What is the differe nce between a case-control study, a cohort study, and a clinical trial? (FA p60) Which studies use odds ratios, and which use relative risks? (FA p62) Three days ago you hospitalized a 40-year-old male for myocardial infarction. He has been given all of the usual medications.Today you notice that his platelet count is 30,000. What do you suspect is the cause of his low platelets? (FA p341) What are the different etiologies of Cushing’s syndrome? How is the level of ACTH different in each? (FA p286) Which virus is responsible for the following disease? (FA p166) – croup in children – common cold (2 viruses) – #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children – bronchiolitis in infants (especially premature) How many half-lives does it take for a drug infused at a constant rate to reach 94% of steady state? What variables determine the half-life of a drug? (FA p222)What structures of the inner ear are responsible for the sensation of linear and angular accelera tion? (FA p398) What is the basic equation for cardiac output? What is the Fick principle? What factors affect stroke volume? (FA p245) What are the two most common causes of chronic renal failure? (FA p448) What is the most common cause of Erb-Duchenne palsy? What are the characteristic findings of Erb-Duchenne palsy? (FA p354) What are the signs and symptoms of poliomyelitis? If you suspected polio in a pt with yours, where would you seek to obtain a viral sample from the pt? (FA p389) What are the 3 different eukaryotic RNA polymerases? What type of RNA does each make? (FA p78) How many umbilical vessels are there? Which umbilical vessel has the highest oxygen content? (FA p124) What are Brunner’s glands? (FA p304) What are Peyer’s patches? (FA p303) How can these structures help you identify the location from which a histological specimen was taken? What is the rate-limiting enzyme for ketone synthesis? for cholesterol synthesis? (FA p99) What is the classic triad of symptoms in multiple sclerosis? With what disorders do pts with multiple sclerosis commonly present? (FA p403)Which penicillin fits the following description? (FA p179) – often the drug of choice against Enterococcus sp. – effective against Pseudomonas sp. – good for otitis media because it covers Strep. pneumo. and H. influenza – a/w interstitial nephritis – a/w rash (especially in pt’s with mononucleosis) What class of drugs is used in the treatment of ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity? (FA p230) What is the definition of first-degree heart block? (FA p254) What is the classic presentation of a patient with gonococcal arthritis? (FA p363) What is the difference between malingering and factitious disorder? FA p424) Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 2-16-2009 What are the rate-limiting enzymes for the following metabolic processes? (FA p99) †¢ glycogen synthesis †¢ glycogen breakdown â₠¬ ¢ fatty acid synthesis †¢ fatty acid oxidation Which adrenergic antagonists can be used to treat hypertension as well as urinary retention in pts with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? (FA p231) What are the risk factors for colon cancer? (FA p316) What is the difference between prevalence and incidence? (FA p62) What physiology accounts for the automaticity of the AV and SA nodes? FA p252) How does the emphysema caused by smoking differ from the emphysema caused by alpa-1-antitrypsin deficiency? (FA p482) What is the difference between Meissner’s corpuscle and a Pacinian corpuscle? (FA p375) What syndrome causes the triad of sterility, bronchiectasis, and recurrent sinusitis? What is the primary defect in this syndrome? (FA p83) In which glomerular disease would you expect to see the following changes? (FA p445) †¢ foot process effacement (electron microscope) †¢ wire-loop appearance (light microscope) †¢ mesangial deposits of IgA (electron microscope ) crescent-moon shaped lesion (light microscope) †¢ segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis (light microscope) What clinical scenario is most commonly seen in Reye’s syndrome? What are the characteristics of Reye’s syndrome? (FA p317) What would you expect to find in the synovial fluid of a pt with gout? with pseudogout? (FA p363) What effects do prostaglandins and thromboxane have on platelet aggregation? (FA p369) When is a fetus most susceptible to damage from teratogens? What drug used in the treatment of hypertension is a teratogen? What effect does this have on the fetus? FA p122) Distinguish the following types of organ transplant rejection. (FA p206) MechanismTime Frame hyperacute rejection acute rejection chronic rejection What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? (FA p291) What type of collagen is abnormal in patients with Alport’s syndrome? (FA p85) In which order elimination is the rate of elimination proportional to the drug concentration? (FA p223) What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults? in children? (FA p287) What lab abnormalities would you expect to see in a pt with SIADH? (FA p291)What drugs are used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease? (FA p412) Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 2-19-2009 What are the common side effects of beta-blockers? Which pt populations should use caution when taking beta-blockers? (FA p232) What are the signs of right-sided heart failure? What are the signs of left-sided heart failure? (FA p265) What asthma medication fits the following statement (FA p487) †¢ inhaled treatment of choice for chronic asthma †¢ inhaled treatment of choice for acute exacerbations †¢ narrow therapeutic index, drug of last resort blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotriene †¢ inhibits mast cell release of mediators, used for prophylaxis only †¢ inhaled treatment that blocks muscarinic receptors †¢ inhaled lon g-acting beta-2 agonist †¢ blocks leukotriene receptors What bacterium causes leprosy (AKA Hansen’s disease)? What part of the body is infected? What animal is a reservoir in the US? (FA p148) What are the symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome? What area of the brain is damaged in this syndrome? (FA p381) Why should a â€Å"Hot T-bone steak† come to mind when someone asks you about interleukins? (FA p199)Compare the leading causes of death in ages 1-14 to those in ages 15-24? (FA p66) What are the side effects of neuroleptic toxicity? (FA p431) What is the composition of a nucleosome? Which histone ties nucleosomes together? (FA p74) What types of preventive services are needed in the following pts? (FA p65) – diabetic – drug abuser – alcoholic – high risk sexual behavior What are the causes of normocytic, normochromic anemia? (FA p332) What 5 classes of medications are used to treat glaucoma? (FA p408) What infections are caused by Chlamydi ae? What is the treatment for most Chlamydia infections? (FA p153)What are the characteristics of thoracic outlet syndrome? (FA p354) What abnormal lab values would lead you to suspect alcoholic hepatitis? (FA p318) What are the most common locations for atherosclerosis? (FA p261) What vitamin deficiencies would you expect to see in a pt with a malabsorption syndrome such as cystic fibrosis or celiac sprue? (FA p94) What types of pancreatic tumors are often seen in MEN type I? (FA p287) What nerves innervate the tongue? (FA p131) What is the classic presenting symptom in a pt with Lyme disease? (FA p151) Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 2-23-2009What are the stages of dying according to Kubler-Ross? (FA p70) Explain the development of the thyroid gland. (FA p131) Which IV anesthetic fits the following description? (FA p411) †¢ a/w hallucinations and bad dreams †¢ most common drug used for endoscopy †¢ used for rapid anesth esia induction †¢ decreases cerebral blood flow (important in brain surgery) What is the mechanism of action and clinical use for methylphenidate? (FA p430) What is the most common urea cycle disorder? What are the findings with this disorder? (FA p108) What change is seen in Barrett’s esophagus? (FA p310)What is the equation for determining a drug’s clearance? (FA p222) What substance activates the classic complement pathway? What substance activates the alternative compliment pathway? (FA p200) In a normal Gaussian curve, what percentage of the sample population falls 1 standard deviation, 2 standard deviations, and 3 standard deviations? (FA p64) What is seen in Budd-Chiari syndrome? What conditions are a/w Budd-Chiari syndrome? (FA p318) What tests can be used to help detect the presence of an MI? (FA p263) What is the equation for calculating the glomerular filtration rate? (FA p437)How long does it normally take for an antidepressant to start working? (FA p4 32) What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporin? (FA p206) In which glomerular disease would you expect to see the following changes? (FA p445) †¢ anti-GBM antibodies (immunoflourescence) †¢ Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions (light microscope) †¢ â€Å"spike and dome† appearance (electron microscope) †¢ â€Å"tram track† of subendothelial humps (electron microscope) †¢ subepithelial humps (electron microscope) The most common cause of osteomyelitis in all patients is Staph. aureus. What organism would you also suspect in a sickle cell pt with osteomyelitis?What about a drug addict with osteomyelitis? (FA p175) What amino acids are necessary for purine synthesis? (FA p74) What is the rate-limiting enzyme for pyrimidine synthesis? for purine synthesis? (FA p99) What are the common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy? (FA p264) What hormone is detected in a positive urine pregnancy test? How long after conception will this hormone first appear in the uri ne? (FA p460) Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 2-26-2009 FYI: The editors of First Aid for Step 1 have recently posted the â€Å"Errata† for their 2009 edition of First Aid.It can be found here: http://firstaidteam. com/updates-and-corrections/ Describe the pathway by which light affects melatonin secretion. (FA p71) What structures give rise to the glomerular filtration barrier? Which disease results from a loss of the negative charge glomerular filtration barrier? (FA p437) What are the three symptoms of pellagra? What are the causes of pellagra? (FA p95) What factors are considered when determining the loading dose and maintenance dose of a medication? (FA p223) What are the two types of diabetes insipidus? What is the cause of each? (FA p291) What is the cause of cystinuria?What is the treatment for cystinuria? (FA p110) What is the WAGR complex? (FA p447) What two drugs are given to those with organophosphate poisoning? (FA p 228) What are some of the common causes of eosinophilia? (FA p327) What antibiotics have the following mechanisms of action? (FA p178) – block DNA topoisomerase – block the synthesis of peptidoglycans – block nucleotide synthesis – block mRNA synthesis Compare the leading causes of death in ages 25-64 to those in ages 65+? (FA p66) What are the risk factors for a fat embolus? What are the risk factors for a pulmonary embolus? (FA p265)What structures arise from the Mesonephric ducts? What other name is given to the Mesonephric ducts? (FA p133) Which lysosomal storage disease fits the following description? (FA p114) †¢ cherry red spot on retina †¢ corneal clouding + mental retardation †¢ no corneal clouding + mental retardation †¢ demyelinating disease affects peripheral nerves †¢ crinkled paper cytoplasm †¢ sphingomyelin buildup †¢ treatment is dialysis †¢ accumulation of galactocerebroside in the brain †¢ acc umulation of glucocerebroside in the brain What are the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever? (FA p267)What are some of the extrapulmonary causes of restrictive lung disease? (FA p482) What drug can be used to treat carcinoid syndrome? (FA p291) What is the difference between conscious, preconscious, and unconscious in Freudian psychoanalysis? (FA p417) conscious- preconscious- unconscious- What muscles compose the rotator cuff muscles? (FA p350) What is the difference between Wernicke’s aphasia, Broca’s aphasia, and conduction aphasia? (FA p381) Doctors In Training. com – USMLE Step 1 – Part 1 Emails – 3-2-2009 How do nicotinic acetylcholine receptors differ from muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in their mechanisms of action? FA p225) What structures are injured in an unhappy triad knee injury? (FA p350) Which fungal infection fits the following description? (FA p155- FA p157) – causes diaper rash – opportunist ic mold with septate hyphae that branch at a 45 degree angle – opportunistic mold with irregular nonspetate hyphae that branch at wide angles (>90 degrees) – dimorphic fungi common to SW US (San Joaquin Valley fever) – causes thrush in immunocompromised pts and vulvovaginitis in women – dimorphic fungi with broad-based budding yeast – known for causing pneumonia in AIDS pts ( start Bactrim prophylaxis when CD4